History of Islamic Education in Indonesia

A. The period of entry of Islam into Indonesia

Islamic education in Indonesia has been going on since the advent of Islam in Indonesia. Religion of Islam came to Indonesia brought by traders from Gujarat, broadcast peacefully without coercion, violence or war. In broadcasting Islam in the early years carried out by community leaders, known as the wali.Parawali is what contributed to develop the Islamic religion, especially on the island of Java, which is known as the guardian nine "wali songo".

Islamic educational activities is an experience and knowledge that are important to the continuing development of Islam and Muslims, both in quantity and quality. Islamic education was even a barometer, how Islam and Muslims have played a role in various aspects of social, political, cultural.

In the early stages of education begins Islamic preachers contacts (educators) with learners. After the Muslim community is formed in an area that they would build a place of worship in this case is called a mosque. The mosque is an Islamic institution which first appeared in addition to the residence of scholars and preachers. After that came the other educational institutions such as boarding schools, boarding, or surau. The names are different but essentially the same despite the demands of science as a religion. The difference in the names is influenced by differences in place.

The essence of education at the beginning of the religious sciences is concentrated with reading classic books. Classic books into high and low for the size of a person's religious sciences. [1]

History of Islamic Education started since Islam entered Indonesia, which by some historians say that the beginning of the entry in Sumatera island in the northern part of Aceh. That is, the history of Islamic education is as old as the introduction of Islam to Indonesia. This is because the new religions is certainly want to learn and know more about the teachings of Islam. Want good at praying, praying and reading the Koran that led to the emergence of the learning process, albeit in a very simple sense.

From this nascent Islamic education, where at first they learned in homes, broken / surau, mosque and then evolved into a boarding school. After that arise regularly madrasa system as we know it today.

Despite Islamic education began in the first of Islam itself to anchor themselves in the archipelago, but it certainly can not be known how education in the early days of Islam in Indonesia, such as the use of books, and system managers. Which can be determined only at the time of Islamic education has been there, but in a very simple form.

B. Period of Development Through Process Adaptation

In the early stages of Islamic education, education takes place informally. Here the preacher of a role, by giving the example of the attitude of their daily lives. The preacher was showing good moral, so that people who became interested in Islamic religion and imitate their behavior.

In the history of Islam, since the time of Prophet Muhammad, synagogues functioned as a place of education. Thus, the mosque serves as a place of education is a must in the Muslim community.

The existence of the mosque can also be assured that they are using it to carry out the process of Islamic education, and since then also began the ongoing non-formal education.

In addition, the spread of Islam was also done through trading relationships outside the Archipelago this case, because the preachers are spreading propaganda or messenger of Islamic government that came from outside Indonesia, then to support themselves and their families, the preachers of this work by way of trade, the Even this preachers spread Islam to the merchants of the natives, until the merchants are embracing Islam and also transmit to the rest of the population, as most traders and experts kerajaanlah the first to adopt the new religion [2]. And thus the community or its people embraced Islam as occurs in some kerjaaan, namely the kingdom of Samudra Pasai, Perlak, Aceh Darussalam, and the Moluccas, and some other kingdoms.

C. Period of Islamic Kingdom

1 Age kingdom of Samudra Pasai
The first Islamic kingdom in Indonesia is the kingdom of Samudra Pasai, which was founded in the 10th century AD by the first king of Ibrahim bin Malik Mahdum. The second named Al-Malik Al-Salih and the last named Sabar Al-Malik Shah (1444 AD / 15th century H).

In 1345, Ibn Battuta of Morocco had stopped in the kingdom of Pasai in the reign of Malik Az-Zahir, the famous king of the devout religious knowledge and bermazhab Shafi, held lectures until Asr prayer time and is fluent in Arabic and practicing simple lifestyle . [3]

Ibn Battuta description it can be concluded that the prevailing education at the time of the kingdom of Pasai as follows:

Educational materials and teaching religion is a field of Shari'ah Fiqh Shafi
Informal education system in the form of study groups and halaqoh majlis
Prominent religious leaders and concurrent administration
The cost of education comes from the state. [4]

At the time of Samudra Pasai empire reached its height in the 14th century AD, then education is also of course a special place. Tome Pires quoted, which states that "there are many Pasai Ocean City, where among the city residents are educated people".

According to Ibn Battuta, Pasai in the 14th century AD, has been a center of Islamic studies in Southeast Asia, and many gathered scholars from Islamic countries. Ibn Batuta states that Malikul Sultan Zahir is a person who love to the scholars and science. When Friday arrived, the Sultan used to pray in the mosque cleric clothing, after prayers held discussions with the pious religious knowledge, among others: Amir Abdullah of Delhi and Tajudin from Ispahan. Forms of education by discussion called Majlis Ta'lim or halaqoh. Halaqoh system that the students take up positions encircling the teacher. Teacher sitting in the middle of the circle of students with full-face position students facing the teacher. [5]

2. kingdom Perlak
The second Islamic kingdom in Indonesia is Perlak in Aceh. Established on 1 Muharram 225 H or 12 November 839 AD [6]. The first king Sultan Alaudin (years 1161-1186 AH / 12th century CE). Between Pasai and Perlak established good cooperation so that the king married a princess of Pasai Perlak. Perlak is an area that is strategically located in the Strait of Malacca beach, and free from the influence of Hinduism.

Perlak Islamic kingdom also has a center of Islamic education dayah Cot Kala. Dayah equated with universities, the material that is taught Arabic, monotheism, mysticism, morality, earth science, the science of Arabic language and literature, history and statecraft, mantiq, Falaq science and philosophy. The terrain is approximately near East Aceh now. Its founder is Prince Tengku Chik M.Amin scholars, by the end of the 3rd century AH, 10th century AD This is the first education center.

Sixth king named Sultan Muhammad Amin Mahdum Alaudin who ruled between the years 1243-1267 AD, known as a Sultan who again pious wise. He is a scholar who founded the Islamic Universities attended a special high Taklim Majlis by the students who have been pious. The agency also taught and read religious books are weighted higher knowledge, for example, the book written by Imam Al-Umm Syafi'i. with Perlak thus the kingdom's Islamic education process has been going pretty well.

3 Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam
Proclamation of the kingdom of Aceh Darussalam is remelting Islamic kingdom of Aceh in parts of the West and the Islamic kingdom of Samudra Pasai in the eastern hemisphere. Syamsu son of Sultan Abidin Shah was appointed by the Sultan Alaudin King Mughayat Ali Shah (1507-1522 AD).

Smallest territorial form of government of the Kingdom of Aceh arrangement is Gampong (village), which is headed by a Keucik and Waki ​​(representative). Gampong adjacent and whose inhabitants worship together on Friday at a mosque is a power region called mukim, which holds a leadership role Imeum mukim called mukim. Levels of education in the Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam lowest education begins meunasah (Madrasah). Which means a place of learning or school, there is in every village and have multiple functions, among others:

1. As a place to learn Al-Quran
2. As an elementary school, with the material being taught to read and write the Arabic alphabet, Science of religion, the Malay language, character and history of Islam.

Another function is as follows:

1. As a place of worship prayer 5 times for the village.
2. As the tarawih prayer and the reading of the Qur'an in the month of fasting.
3. Maulud festivity place in Maulud.
4. Place hand over tithes on Idhul Fitr or the day before the fasting month
5. Place hold peace when there is a dispute between members of the village.
6. Place consulted in all matters

Meunasah layout should be different from the location of the house, so that people can quickly find out which house or meunasah and know the prayer Qibla direction.

Then the system of education in Islamic boarding schools (Pesantren) as in meunasah but the material being taught is Nahwu book, which interpreted the book in Arabic, though the meaning itself is Nahwu grammar (Arabic).

Dayah usually near the mosque, although there are also near Tengku who have dayah itself, particularly the foster mother who had high levels of learning. Therefore, people who want to learn can not learn nahwu the sideline, for that they have to choose dayah a little bit away from the village and live in the Islamic boarding school called Meudagang. In dayah has provided small huts contains two of each home.

In the book by Hasbullah, History of Islamic Education in Indonesia, the term madrasa Rangkang is Tsanawiyah level, the material being taught the Arabic language, geography, history, arithmetic, and morals. Rangkang also held every mukim.

Field of education in the kingdom of Aceh Darussalam is really a concern. At the moment there are state agencies in charge of education and science, namely:

1. Hukama Seutia Hall, a science institution, a gathering place for scholars, thinkers and scholars to discuss and develop science.
2. Hall Seutia Ulama, an educational agency in charge of taking care of the problems of education and teaching.
3. Hall Jama'ah Association of Scholars, a study of a group of clerics and scholars gather to exchange minds discuss issues of education and science education.

Aceh at the time it is a source of knowledge with graduate-undergraduate famous at home and abroad. So many outsiders came to Aceh to study, even the capital city of Aceh Darussalam International and developed into a center of science.

Kingdom of Aceh have established a friendly relationship with the leading Islamic empire in the Middle East is the Turkish empire. At that time many scholars and poets from various Islamic countries who came to Aceh. The scholars and poets teach the science of Islam (Islamic Theology) and a variety of science and writing various books containing religious teachings. Therefore the teaching of Islam in Aceh and Aceh became important be strong Islamic kingdom in the archipelago. Among the scholars and poets who ever came to the kingdom of Aceh, among others, Muhammad Azhari who teach the science of Metaphysics, Sheikh Abdul Khair Shaykh Ibn Hajar pogmatic experts in the field and mystic, Mohammed Yamani skilled in the art proposal fiqh and Sheikh Muhammad Ibn Hasan Gilani who teach logic .

Islamic religious education leaders who are in the kingdom of Aceh was Hamzah Fansuri. He was a poet and a famous religious teacher of Sufism wujudiyah wing. Among the works of Hamzah al-Asrar Fansuri is Aufin, Syarab Al-Asyikin, and Zuiat Al-Nuwahidin. As a poet he produced works, owl bird poem, poetry boat.

Other woods are important clerics Shamsuddin As-Samathrani or better known by Shamsuddin Pasai. He was a pupil of Hamzah Fansuri that develop understanding wujudiyah in Aceh. Books written, Mir'atul al Qulub, Miratul believer and others.

Other scholars and poets who ever came to the kingdom of Aceh was Sheikh Nuruddin Ar-Raniri. He opposed wujudiyah understood and wrote many books about Islam in classical Arabic and Malay. Book of the largest and highest quality in classical Malay literature and contains the history of the kingdom of Aceh was the book Bustanul Salatin.

In the heyday of the kingdom of Aceh, the Sultan Iskandar Muda period (1607-1636) established by Sultannya many mosques as places of worship of Muslims, one of the famous mosque Baitul Rahman Mosque, which also serve as the university and has 17 daars (faculty).

By looking at many of the scholars and poets who came to Aceh, as well as the university, it is certain that the kingdom of Aceh became the center of Islamic study. Because of the religion of Islam is one of the factors that greatly affect the lives of the people of Aceh in the next period. According B.J. Boland, that an Aceh is a Muslim.

1. Islamic kingdom in Maluku.
Islam arrived in the Moluccas taken by preachers of Java since the time of Sunan Giri and from Malacca. The first king who converted to Islam Maluku is Ternate Sultan named Marhum in 1465-1486 AD, under the influence of Maulana Husain, merchants from Java. King Maluku famous in the field of education and propaganda is Sultan Zainul Abidin Islamic, Islamic Da'wah in 1486-1500 AD in Maluku face two challenges, namely that comes from people who are still animist and of the Portuguese population Christianize the Moluccas. Sultan Sairun is the figure most hard against the Portuguese and in Maluku Christianization effort is Francis M. Zaverius in 1546 he succeeded mengkhatolikkan part of the Maluku population.

When the Dutch were Protestant coming in Indonesia, began to attempt memprotestankan population of Indonesia in the early 17th century (1600 AD)

Two groups were able to unite Christians in Indonesia, only to confront Islam. While in Europe, at that time, there was a great battle long enough between Dutch against the Portuguese. The Dutch government managed memprotestankan Indonesian people as a mass in the area of ​​Batak, Manado and Ambon. While Catholic successful in East Nusa Tenggara region under the influence of Portuguese in East Timor. [7]

2 Islamic kingdom in Borneo
Islam started to go in Kalimantan in the 15th century AD by peaceful means, carried by preachers from Java. Sunan Bonang and Sunan Giri respectively have santri from Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Maluku. The development of the Islamic empire began to steadily after the founding of Islam in the airport is still under the leadership of Sultan Suriansyah in 1540 AD titled Prince of Ocean and assisted by Patih Still.

In 1710 diKalimantanterdapat a great scholar named Shaykh al-Banjari Arsyad Kalampayan village famous as an educator and a great preacher. His influence includes seluruhKalimantan (South, East and West)

He wrote religious books, including the famous:

1. Sabilul Muhtadin (studied in almost all of Indonesia to the west palin, Aceh)
2. Sharh Fath Jawad
3. Tuhfatur Raghibin (known in North Sumatra and Aceh)
4. Ushuluddin
5. Sufism
6. Al-Nikah
7. Al-Faraid.

In the small time he was brought up and raised by Sultan Tahmilillah and sent to learn to Mecca and Madianh for 30 years. He died at the time of Sultan Sulaiman.

System recitation of religious books in the same boarding system Borneo recitation book in boarding school in Java, especially the ways to translate it into local languages. One of the Muslim leaders who go in West Kalimantan is Abdurrahaman Sharif Al-Kadri of Hadramaut in 1735 AD and is married with a son who eventually inherit the kingdom of Dayak in West Kalimantan, Pontianak.

One of the other Islamic fighters from South Kalimantan is the Prince Antasari born in 1790 M! 862 M, grandson of Prince Amir, the son of Sultan Tahmidillah. [8]

3 Kingdom of Islam in Sulawesi
Kingdom of early Islam is based on the twin kingdoms of Gowa Tallo 1605 M. King named I. Malingkaang Manyonri Daeng which later changed its name to Sultan Abdullah Awwalul Islam.

The influence of the king of Gowa and Tallo in Islam greatly to other small kings. Among the kings of the existing agreement, which reads as follows: "Anyone who finds a better way, so he promised to tell the kings that became allies". The road here means a way of life or religion.

Among the great scholars of Sulawesi-born Sheikh Maulana Yusuf himself was studying in Mecca in 1644 AD he returned home keIndonesiadan settled in Banten. Many of its students come from Makasar, then for rebelling, dumped by the Dutch into SriLanka and died in South Africa. His body was repatriated to Napier and buried there. He authored the book Mysticism in Arabic, Bugis, Malays and Javanese.

Of South Sulawesi, Islam expands into Central and North Sulawesi. Islam entered the era of Sultan Hasanuddin daerahManadopada, to Mongondow Bolaang area in North Sulawesi in Year 1560 AD, 1612 AD Gorontalo to the old books in Gorontalo written with the Arabic alphabet.

Islam has a strong in South Sulawesi it propagates entered Nusa Tenggara Islands, namely to Bima (Sumbawa) and Lombok, Islam was brought by Bugis traders. Sumbawa ruled Gowa kingdom in 1616 AD [9]

[1] Prof.Dr.H.HaidarPutra Daulay, MA, Islamic Education In The National Education System in Indonesia (Jakarta: Kencana., 2004) hal145-146)
[2] http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/sejarah_Indonesia
[3] Zuhairini, History of Islamic Education, (London: Earth Literacy, 2000), hal.135
[4] Ibid, hal.136
[5] http://forum.dudung.net/index.php?topic=5369.0
[6] http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/sejarah_Indonesia
[7] Zuhairini, hal.142
[8] Ibid, p.145
[9] Ibid, hal.146